East and West in Antony and Cleopatra Essay

Shakespeare used as his source for the play North’s translation of Plutarch’s ‘Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans.’ Plutarch, along with other Greek and Roman authors, saw an opposition between the conquering West, standing for moral and political virtue, and the conquered East, representing luxury and decadence.  Do you agree that this is essentially how Shakespeare presents the opposition between East and West in ‘Antony and Cleopatra?’ ‘Rome’ and ‘Egypt’ have significance far beyond physical locations; they symbolize two oppositional value systems essential within both society and the psyche. The world of ‘Antony and Cleopatra’ is riddled with polarised opposites, such as civilisation and nature, public and private, and, perhaps most importantly, passion and honour.  The inability of the East and West to reconcile their values inevitably causes conflict, forcing Antony, the tragic protagonist, to choose between the spheres. In suicide, he transcends the limitations the world thrusts upon him; joined later by Cleopatra, who finally discovers the significance of Western values, in a triumphant death. The notion of either sphere having moral superiority to the other is moot; Shakespeare passes no concrete judgement, and no simple platitude of ‘good and evil’ could suffice to explain the complex behaviour of the principal characters.  Neither Egypt nor Rome seems to be truly virtuous, despite the moralising of the Roman characters. In Rome the traditional system of honour is rapidly being subjugated beneath Caesar’s cold quest for individual supremacy. Loyalty now belongs only to the winner, and individuals such as Lepidus and Pompey are sacrificed in the imperialistic drive of Octavius. A certain misogyny is Rome, with women denounced as ‘whores,’ and the harsh treatment that Cleopatra would have faced as a captive indicates the presence of violence in the Roman psyche. Nor is Egypt an ideal of purity. A society ‘wrinkled deep in time’, its preoccupation with emotion leads it to recklessness (such as when Cleopatra flees the Battle of Actium). Theatrical and dramatic, the lifestyle at court is extremely decadent, often approaching vulgarity. Cleopatra is cosseted by her courtiers, and encouraged towards vanity, narcissism, pettiness and self-indulgence,  The notion of a duality is more important than the probity of either force; by being opposites, ‘East’ and ‘West’ become inextricable. Without ‘East’ there would be no concept of ‘West,’ and vice versa, and this pattern is applicable to all the converses that the antithetical spheres represent. Both are equally important in the development of full humanity – the values that ‘West’ and ‘East’ represent should be in harmony within both society and the human psyche. In ‘Antony and Cleopatra’ they seem to be inherently conflicted, and the subsequent polarisation causes the demise of the lovers, which allows them to, paradoxically, conquer the hearts of a world that has tried to conquer and restrict them. The structure of the play serves to highlight the antithesis, with frequent changes between the machinations of Rome and the hyperbole of Cleopatra’s court emphasizing both the opposition of the value systems and the effect that exposure to both has upon Antony.

Swimming allows the body to burn calories

Swimming is one of the best exercises to get a person into shape.   From a scientific perspective, swimming has been found to be the ideal physical fitness activity.It targets many of the body’s muscles and helps strengthen and develop one’s body.   In fact, most researchers agree that swimming is the only activity that works on the entire body by improving a person’s cardiovascular conditioning, increasing a person’s muscle strength, improving one’s endurance, fixing one’s posture and making one more flexible all at the same time.These benefits that one can gain from swimming are unmatched by any sport as only swimming offers all of these benefits.   This short report shall discuss a few of the more specific reasons why swimming is the ideal physical fitness activity.The first reason, as already mentioned, is that swimming gives one a complete body workout.   It benefits the cardiovascular system without straining one’s heart and improves a person’s use of oxygen.   The timed breathing required in swimming conditions the body and allows a person to improve not only his endurance but also a person’s lung capacity.Swimming is also a perfect complement for cross-training workouts.   As a person who swims becomes more fit, the resting heart rate and respiratory rate is reduced thus allowing for more blood to flow into the heart and making the lungs more efficient.   Since swimming gives a complete body workout, it also allows one to burn calories faster than in any other sport.   A runner, on average, burns as many calories on a six mile run in one hour as a swimmer who was been swimming for one hour has burned.   Swimming not only develops one’s body but also helps people lose weight fast and helps keep people in good health.Another reason why swimming is considered as an ideal exercise arises from the fact that when a person swims the impact on the joints and bones is signifi cantly reduced by the buoyancy of the water.   The weight bearing environment of swimming therefore provides little stress to the body’s connective tissue and joints.This means that the body is not only strengthened but also protected from the wear and tear on the bones and joints.   Since a person weighs nearly 1/10th of his or her body weight in water, there is less gravitational stress on the body.   This greatly reduces the incidence of injuries and allows for a relatively rigorous and injury free work out.Swimming allows the body to burn calories at a rate of about three (3) calories a mile per pound of bodyweight.   Therefore, if a person weights approximately 150 (lbs) pounds and it take that person thirty (30) minutes to swim one (1) mile, which is about 1,760 yards or 1,600 meters, then that person will be burning almost 900 calories in one (1) hour.It is important to remember of course that these estimates may vary for different swimmers depending on skill a nd actual degree of physical conditioning.One of the most difficult things that a person encounters when getting into shape is the boredom from the routine.   Swimming is not only great exercise but it is also an entertaining activity.   It is fun for not only individuals but for groups as well and makes it easier for people who want to get in shape keep up their routine without getting bored.From a psychological perspective, swimming allows people to relax and swim with very little effort.   When a swimmer gets into the rhythm of swimming and allows the mind to focus on the stroke, it is similar to a form of meditation that provides the body with an overall feeling of general well being.Studies have shown that people who swim in the mornings or begin their days by swimming are more likely to have more energy for the rest of the day and are less likely to feel stressed or pressured.Swimming does not only give a person the psychological feeling of well being but also helps in o ther aspects such as the development of certain life skills namely sportsmanship, time-management, self-discipline, goal-setting, and an increased sense of self-worth through their participation in the sport.These reasons have led to the establishment of swimming as one of the best exercises to help a person maintain a healthy physique.

New Orleans’ economy is very dependant on the tourism and lodging industry

New Orleans' economy is very dependant on the tourism and lodging industry. In the past couple of years this industry in New Orleans has declined. In 1996 the city hosted 12 million tourists and conventioneers and they spent close to $4 billion. The average daily room rate was $105. The September 11 attacks had a huge affect on the tourism industry. Although the economy in New Orleans is rising, the number of tourist each year has dropped dramatically. This past year New Orleans hosted an estimated 7.995 million visitors. This is approximately the same number as they hosted in 1991, meaning the increase in visitors throughout the nineties has been abolished. On the positive side, these 8 million visitors spent an approximate $4.5 billion on hotel rooms, food, drinks, entertainment, and shopping. This figure is actually higher than that spent by the 12 million visitors in 1996. This $4.5 billion created 2.9 billion in revenue and helped support more than 138,000 are jobs. New Orleans has done a great job in compensating for the decline in the tourism industry. Because of the lack of visitors they have simply made it more expensive for the guests they do receive. The current average daily room rate for New Orleans' hotels is about $170. Average airfare from Denver to New Orleans is $400. Even though these prices are so high, the great thing about New Orleans is that no matter what day of the year visitors can always find free events. All of this contributes to what should be a very profitable 2004.

Steve Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Steve Jobs - Essay Example born in California on February 24, 1955 to students Joanne Simpson and Jandali Abdulfattah resulting in him being given up for adoption by Paul and Clara Jobs. He knew that he was adopted from an early age. â€Å"My parents were very open with me about that,† he said3. Furthermore, Steve Jobs grew up in California attending Reed College but dropped out after six months since the fee was too much for his parents1. He did not completely drop out of college but attended classes that were interesting to him including a calligraphy class that he would later be grateful for in the development of Macintosh and refer to it in his inaugural speech at Stanford University. After working for Atari as a video games designer from 1974, he travelled to India for inspiration and returned a Zen Buddhist to California, where he was introduced to Steve Wozniak by a friend2. Moreover, Steve Jobs was offered a job for the design of a circuit board with reduced chips, and he partnered with Wozniak, paying him $350 out of the $10,000 paid by Atari. After the design and sale of blue boxes with Wozniak, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own company naming it Apple. Then he was 21 and it is at Apple that he pioneered technological advancement in computers, music, movies, phones, management, leadership, and will be remembered as an icon in his own right. Steve Jobs personality is one of the main factors that propelled him to achieve his iconic status in the technology industry. His personality entailed an unbelievable imagination in terms of the vision that Steve Jobs had of Apple’s products changing the manner of communication, work, and lives of the people3. He imagined products that would change the world for the better and his perfectionist nature made this possible. Steve Jobs was in a position to design and develop products that were innovative and interactive to make people love them, and he insisted on a perfect design that allowed him to develop a strong brand. Passion is the other

Helicopter vs Planes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Helicopter vs Planes - Essay Example Research indicates that a person on the helicopter has high chances of making it safely to the ground than one on an airplane. Survival on a helicopter is possible because of autorotation of the rotor blade. The rotor blades of a helicopter go on rotating when engine fails. Helicopter pilots are well aware of this phenomenon because they practice a lot during training. They are thought to switch off the engine and land a helicopter (Hiskey, 2012). A significant number of accidents happen as a result of human error. If one travels using a helicopter on bad weather or flying onto wires he or she is likely to cause accident. Someone might argue that planes are much safer because it always fly at high altitude than a helicopter making it much safer. However, as mentioned above, accidents only happen due to pilot error. An airplane could be more dangerous than helicopter in case engines fails. It will fall at high speed than a helicopter; helicopter utilizes autorotation as mentioned earlier (Hiskey, 2012). In conclusion, it is much safer to travel on a helicopter than an airplane. It is easy to control helicopter when engine fails. Hiskey, D. (2012). Helicopters Won’t Just Drop Like a Rock if the Engine Dies, They are Actually Designed to Be Able to Land Safely This Way. Retrieved from

Contract Law in Marketing Programs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contract Law in Marketing Programs - Case Study Example There are many aspects of contract law that form the common law entity in individual countries. Within the United Kingdom there are basic issues addressed within the basic common law contract which include: when and how is a contract formed, when may a party escape obligations of a contract (such as a contract formed under duress or because of a misrepresentation), what is the meaning and effect to be given to the terms of a contract, and, what is the remedy to be given for a breach of contract.1 Within the contract itself, there is the need to have a few explanatives inside the contract which includes an offer of acceptance, consideration and contractual intention for a simple contract to exist, otherwise no consideration is needed. This inclusion of consideration in a contract formation is important to be in place otherwise no consideration will be in place. A consideration under English Law is defined as "a very controversial doctrine comprising a series of sub rules which purport to govern when a promise made by one party may be enforced by the party to whom the promise is made. Consideration in its traditional form in English law means no more no less that this: that, for parties to be able to enforce a promise, they must have given some quid pro quo for it: something in exchange for the promise"2 Rationale / Aims The aim in discussing contract law inside an existing company is to understand their marketing schema while at the same time looking to understand how their marketing methods relate to contract law. The chosen company is British Gas that now forms part of the Centrica group. There are many areas of the British Gas/Centrica marketing plan that can affect or not affect the contractual obligations to the customers and the government. Literature Review Through Centrica's website and their Investor Relationship, it is the objective of British Gas to transform its current objectives with respect to its customer service agenda as well as appealing to the needs of future marketing schemes. The current customer data base shows there are low gas and high gas users and look to segmentation of their customer base by "choosing not to deliver, by exclusion, retention treatments or attempt to cross sell additional products, probably because of their debt profile. When we see the demonstration later of what we call 'screen prompts', one of the potential prompts we may apply to this customer group is the no sale prompt, which is critical for the agent to not waste their time and effort" (Smith, 2003) The marketing schema is not just limited to phone marketing, but also using total household management as well as web online methods. This will allow for the importance of full disclosure. As a prime method of ensuring contract law is followed, the online website requires full disclosure of the contract that the customer is to sign; but, in the other marketing methods such as door-to-door customer signups and phone signups, this is not always possible or not used. The legal information found on the site includes the following privacy

Apology Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apology Letter - Essay Example Nothing was wrong until I encountered an unexpected expense that I had not planned for. That unexpected expense put me into great trouble and I was perplexed. I did not know how to accommodate that in my budget. Circumstances had become unbearable for me, and I had to come out of them any way. Lack of money had sabotaged my ability to think rationally, and I ended up charging back almost $1000 on my credit card in five different transactions without taking the items back to the store. I was able to do that since I knew how to operate the computers accordingly. However, I must tell you that till this point, I had full intension of paying the price of those items. I had planned to simply charge my credit card back again upon receipt of my tax return money. It was just before I could get my tax return money back so that I could charge my credit card back that the store manager somehow got to know about my act, but not my intentions! I had no intention of stealing anything from the store ever, though apparently I do sound like that. Through the explanation that I have put forth in the text above, I have tried to convey that all I did was as a result of immense tension and confusion that I was going through few days back, though my conscience is clear for I never intended to steal.

Is market research necessary for start-up-business Discuss Essay

Is market research necessary for start-up-business Discuss - Essay Example 1998.Marketing Research, P.106, Tata McGraw-Hill ). Business is a very fluid state; its states will never be constant, ever changing from time to time. Because of these constant changes Organizations are always posed with a question, what do I do next? Little can be answered with out any data to support. The collection of such relevant data gathers high importance especially for beginners because before organizations can launch their products they can understand the feasibility of their efforts through market research. 1. Formulating the problem: The very purpose of any marketing research is to identify the problem and its relevance to the organization. An ill defined problem can mislead the entire market research because of poorly defined research objectives. Initially for beginner, problems are plenty in understanding his/her own business and the general market conditions. Question such as whom to market? What to market are the real challenges for an entrepreneur? Marketing research helps in finding solutions for these and also many other issues. The concept of four ‘p’s (product, place, price, people) needs to be answered. 2. Developing Objectives of the research: The objectives of the research should be clear and specific. The objectives should cover the questions regarding the purpose of the study, Method in which the study is to be conducted, the information needs and the sources of information. The concept to be launched into the market whether it is a product or a service needs to be tested. However it is important to decide at which phase of market research the testing can be done. Normally while launching a startup business, businessmen use market research as a launching board for the product or service. Data collected has to be collated in such a way it yields information and the information so gathered can be utilized for preparation of a research report. Normally research analysis will be based on data depicted in the form of graphs and

Management government 4500 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management government 4500 - Term Paper Example A technology battles against other technological designs to achieve dominance (Suarez, 2004). Notably, just like any other technology, genetic engineering technology experiences various battle milestones in different stages of a dominance battle to achieve dominance. Battles for dominance occur where two or more technologies apply in one firm within the same industry (Suarez, 2004). In this context, the outcome of the technological battle will determine the fate of genetic engineering technology and the success of the products of this technology. Each milestone marked the beginning of a new stage in the dominance battle where each stage had different dynamics that derived distinct factors associated with dominance (Suarez, 2004). Biologists achieved the first milestone in overcoming startup challenges while trying to introduce the technology for commercial purposes. This was in in the first stage of dominance battle that introduced the key characteristics of the technology. The secon d milestone was in the second stage that demonstrated the technical feasibility of the technology and related to the appearance of the ?rst working prototype (Suarez, 2004) of the GMO that warned other technologies. Moreover, the successful introduction of the first GMO for commercial purposes was another milestone in the dominance process though it was too expensive for the mass market. This was in the third stage that created the market for the technology. The fourth milestone related to establishment of GMOs as clear front-runner in a stage with several competitors in the dominance battle where this technology stood a chance of winning the battle (Suarez, 2004). Ultimately, the technology’s achievement of dominance marked the last milestone where the technology is now dominant in many industries as it occupies a significant market share (Suarez, 2004). This was in the last stage of dominance battle where genetic engineering technology emerged as a clear dominant technology in the market. Response 2 The organic food industry poses a relevant ethical dilemma on whether the benefits of developing and supplying GMOs supersede the future demerits that GMOs may pose for the environment, human beings, and the animal kingdom. To this effect, I recommend that the world addresses the possible adverse effects of using GMOs and seek to achieve global food security through sound scientific principles. Such a move would be consistent with the actor’s basic duties of seeking to achieve global food security. At the same time, this recommendation will respect the rights and other legitimate claims of the affected parties as it will ensure that human beings, the ecosystem, and animals are free from the adverse effects of GMOs and that animals and human beings are free from hunger. This recommendation is equally compatible with the scientists’ deep commitment of ensuring global food security without jeopardizing the future lives of the affected parties. R esponse 3 Based on Franco Malerba’s reading â€Å"Innovation and the dynamics and evolution of industries: progress and challenges,† I choose to describe how the structure and current state of emergence in the organic food industry affects competition and innovation. There have been various analyses on the relationship between innovation and the dynamics and evolution of industries, which includes the organic food

Australian law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian law - Essay Example If a professional adviser is found to knowingly having provided or failed to provide information that exposes the advisee to incur any losses or damages on their part, this considered to be a breach of duty. All professionals are generally held to an established and reasonable standard of basic care and professionalism. Professionals are generally required to have the necessary learning and skill that is seen to be commonly processed by members who happen to be held in good standing within their basic profession.2 However, any lack of the proper degree of training, failure by the professional to attempt to follow up on a client’s progress, failure to remain appropriately conversant with any new emerging discoveries in the field, or failure to refer to a specialist in the event that it proves to be necessary can all be seen to constitute of negligence.3 As exemplified in the line of reasoning followed in the Hedley Byrne ruling, when an adviser communicates information to an ad visee in order that the information might be used for a generally described or particularly specified purpose, and the advisee acts on this advice to his detriment, the adviser is found to fundamentally be guilty of negligence.4 Effects of Donoghue V Stevenson (1932) A decision by the British house of commons in 1932 concerning the alleged presence of a snail inside a ginger beer bottle is commonly perceived to be the best known judgment in the entire common law world. It is widely regarded as the primary foundation law of negligence throughout the entire British Commonwealth.5 Although the ruling of Donoghue V Stevenson (1932), was initially mostly applied to judgments pertaining to manufacturers and the duty of care that they happened to owe the various consumers of their products it was eventually seen to have wider relevance beyond manufacturer liability. In the ruling, Atkins was seen to assert that a duty to exercise case was actually owed to all persons who might be directly affected by one’s actions or omissions that happen to be called in question.6 This is seen to critically affect the liability of all professional advisers as in their event that they provide questionable information that eventually proves to be detrimental to the advisee, they are then effectively held viable for court action. The Effects of Hedley Byrne v. Heller (1963) The Hedley Byrne v. Heller (1963) greatly impacted the overall liability of professional advisers as it was the first decision to recognize the possibility of there being a liability for want can be perceived to be purely economic loss that is not dependent on there being a contractual relationship, for negligent statements. This was seen to affect advisers as any information that they may happen to give while not bound to any contractual agreement can also be seen to create duty of care as it might be relied upon by the advisee in determining whether to enter into a contract.7 Recent Developments in Australi an High Court There have been a number of recent developments in Australia pertaining to the case of professional negligence, in Astley v Austrust Ltd,

To be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

To be Determined - Essay Example Collier wastes little time stating that she felt wronged by Mr. Ducks poem and suggests that it is perhaps men who are to blame for any perceived faults women may display. She describes a time when women were honored by men simply because they were women. During this Golden Age, women were revered as objects of desire and revered as givers of life. She speaks of a day and age when men labored and toiled so women could devote themselves to pursuits more in keeping with their sex. She suggests that is the men that are at fault for ending the Golden Age, not women. Having established that perhaps mankind as a whole is at fault for their current attitudes toward women, Collier next seeks to establish the fact that women perform many of the same chores on the farm as men. She describes cheerfully threshing hay and working in the fields alongside the men. By establishing womens participation in traditional labor performed by men, Collier is preparing to establish her theme of inequality by going into detail concerning the labors expected of women that occur after the men are asleep or at leisure. Women have countless chores around the household. When the men were in the field, women could stay home to do work such as caring for children, gardening, tending to domestic animals and preparing food for the family. But when women were called into service in the fields, they needed to help there in addition to all of these other duties. This results in a workday for women that begins very early and ends very late. Collier describes this inequality by s peaking of waking as the stars are still shining and the men folk are still in bed slumbering and dreaming. (141-146) Though written over two hundred and fifty years ago, Collier could have well been writing about the trials of modern women in the workplace. While men share more in domestic chores than they

Movie Concept Proposal Essay Example for Free

Movie Concept Proposal Essay The gender of the target audience I believe would mostly be males because in gangster films, males take the prominent role and women are sometimes degraded in the roles they play. For our film, the gender of the target audience would mainly be males, though females could be attracted to the film also. 4. Background: I. Time:1949-1980 II. Place:Taipei III. Event or specific social context:In December 1949, Chiang evacuated his government to Taiwan and made Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC (also called the wartime capital by Chiang Kai-shek). Some 2 million people, consisting mainly of soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and the intellectual and business elites, were evacuated from mainland China to Taiwan at that time, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million. After the 228 Incident, the conflicts between the benshengren and waishengren turn white hot. The different goals of the Chinese Nationalists and the Taiwanese, coupled with cultural and language misunderstandings served to further inflame tensions on both sides. The early Han Chinese immigrants known as the benshengren (Chinese: ; literally home-province person) in Chinese, which often referred to native Taiwanese in English, but the term is also frequently used for the Taiwanese aborigines. The people who emigrated from mainland China after 1945 known as waishengren. 5. Characters:(1) Xiang( ) (2) Shin( ) (3) Mei( ) (4) Li( )Xiang’s father (6) Han( )Shin’s father 6. Scenario:The relationship between Xiang, Shin and Mei was just a case of playmates in their childhood. Xiang’s father, Li, was one of the soldiers who evacuated from mainland China to Taiwan at 1949. One day, when Li was working at canny plant, he met Hua, a beautiful Hak-ka girl, and then they fell in love. Xiang was born in 1954, Taipei. Xiang’s family and Shin’s family lived next door; as a result, they became best friends. When they got to elementary school, they met Mei. They didnt keep anything from each other. After Graduated from elementary school, they entered a school in which most of the students were born locally. As one of only three non-locals in Xiang’s class, he became a frequent target of bullying; he and fellow students with roots in the mainland began to form gangs for their own protection. He didn’t know why, and He was confused that why those local students hate him. He swore to take their revenge on those who bullied him. He joined a local gang at 12, and United Bamboo Association (uniting all the non-local gangs to stand up against another local gang) was created a couple of years later. The friendship between Xiang and Shin was broken. After few years, Shin became a cup and Mei married him†¦ This is a story about love and hatred between them and also the struggles about family, nation and gangster. 7. Main Issues: (1) the contradiction and struggles between Benshengren and Waishengren (2) the struggles and conflicts between friendship and gangster (3) the love and hatred between young people (4) the grief of nobody in the great era (5) Cooperation and Symbiosis is the only way for a Healthy Taiwan 8. Marketing Strategy: (1) Where:Focus on metropolis. Taipei, New Taipei City, Taichung, Tainan and Kaohsiung. (2) How: (a) Starting up to a year before the release of a major studio movie, distributors run movie trailers that are meticulously edited and audience-tested. The idea is to give moviegoers a taste of the laughs, special effects and plot twists of the studios upcoming releases, while leaving them wanting more. (b) About the same time that the first trailers hit the theaters, the movie studio will unveil an official Web site for the film. Typical movie Web sites allow visitors to view multiple versions of the trailer, watch behind-the-scenes interviews and mini-documentaries, read plot synopses, download cell-phone ringtones and desktop wallpaper, play games, and chat in forums and even pre-order tickets. (c) As the release date of the film draws closer, try to get early favorable press coverage in newspapers, magazines and on entertainment TV shows. (d) To bombard the public with so many images and promos for the movie that it becomes a cant miss event. Plaster the sides of buses with huge ads, run tons of teaser trailers on TV, place full-page ads in major newspapers and magazines, and the movies stars will show up on all of the major talk shows. (e) Place rich, interactive ads on the Web sites most trafficked by their target audience. They can also release behind-the-scenes clips, and other viral videos on video-sharing sites like YouTube. 9. Poster Design (pictures amp; copywriting) The characters in the poster from left to right are Xiang, Mei and Shin. In the poster, the Chinese word â€Å"Yi†(? )means the loyalty in friends or gangster, where is Xiang’s second family, just like his home. The historical novel â€Å"Romance of the Three Kingdoms† glorified Guan Yu by portraying him as a righteous and loyal warrior. Guan Yu was one of the most altered and aggrandized characters in the novel, which accounted for his popular image in Chinese society. As a result, I used the image of â€Å"Guan Gong† to represent the meaning of â€Å"Yi†, which also means loyalty in Chinese word.

Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for Dysphagia

Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for Dysphagia Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for the Managment of Post Surgical Dysphagia abstract: Dysphagia is not only a main symptom of the head and neck cancer but also the dangerous complication of the various surgical and other treatment modalities for the same. Though various studies have been done to diagnose this condition but very little is done towards the surgical management of this life threatening condition. through this article the new surgical technique of managing oroesophgeal dysphagia by hyoid suspension. Our technique zygomatico-hyoid suspension is simple and logically effective way of managing dysphagia secondary to the surgical resection of lesion in the patient with head and neck cancer. Though this technique is not tried in large number of patients hence the long term benefits and overall improvement in patients quality of life is yet to be ascertained but still it can be a new direction in the surgical mangament of dysphagia. Introduction Dysphagia is a term derived from the Greek words dys (difficulty) and phagein (to eat)1. It is a symptom that expresses a disorder in the transport of food and endogenous secretions (saliva) through the upper digestive tract. Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a more anatomically restricted term referred to alterations in the transfer of the bolus from the mouth to the esophagus (that means, in bolus propelling from the mouth to the pharynx, in the pharyngeal reconfiguration during the swallow, or in the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter.2 OD is an inescapable concern in the management of patients with oral cancer. Being as a symptom at presentation, as an adverse effect during whatever the treatment, or as sequelae compromising the quality of life of the patients, swallowing disorders have to be adequately anticipated and dealt with. For an outcome to be considered functional, the patient has to be able to swallow in an effective and safe manner. Actually, preserving a functional deglutition is usually the most important goal of the different function-preserving surgical techniques in head and neck cancer surgery. Normal oropharyngeal swallowing: swallowing is mainly divided into three phases: 1) preparatory oral phase ,2) oral phase and the last 3) pharyngeal and oesophageal phase. mechanically ,several closely coordinated actions are involved:(1) elevation and retraction of the soft palate with closure of oropharynx,(2) UES opening, (3) laryngeal closure at the level of the laryngeal vestibule,(4) tongue loading (ramping), (5) tongue pulsion ,and (6) pharyngeal clearance. a fundamental aspect of deglutitive pharyngeal reconfiguration is in transforming the oropharynx from a respiratory to a swallowing pathway by opening the inlet to the esophagus and sealing the inlet to the larynx. Laryngeal vestibule closure and hence airway protection during swallowing is achieved by laryngeal elevation and anterior tilting of the arytenoid cartilages against the base of the epiglottis. UES opening results from anterior traction caused by contraction of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid musculature evident fluoroscopically by anterior hyoid movement. Pathophysiology of dysphagia: Can be divided into two categories: 1) directly due to the resection of the tissues involved in the swallowing i.e.tongue . 2) due to the damage caused by the radiation therapy by following ways: a: decreased pharyngeal peristalsis. b: decresed or defective posterior inversion of the base of the tongue towards the posterior pharyngeal wall. c: decreased elevation of hyoid bone and larynx and decreased inversion of epiglottis. The use of laryngeal suspension as a technique to improve function following surgcial resection of the anterior floor of the mouth was 1st decribed by edgerton and duncan and DesPrez and Kiehn.3,4 later Jabaley and Hoopes simplified the concept of laryngeal suspension after partial or complete resection of hyomandibular complex by means of a heavy chromic catgut suture between the thyroid cartilage and mandibular symphysis on the premise that the main vector of force required to support the larynx is anterior and superior in the midline.5 Goode R.L. also described the similar technique of laryngeal suspension after total laryngectomy by thyroid mandibular suspension and he found that swallowing function was improved significantly with his method of laryngeal suspension.6 Hillel A.D. and Goode R.L. gave lateral laryngeal suspension technique in which the throid cartlage was suspended to the condyle of resected mandible a modification of Goode R.L`s original technique, the advantage of this technique is it causes superior as well as lateral movement movement of larynx which widens the opening of opposite hypopharynx.7 al these techniques have proven that the hyoid suspension does improve swallowing function to some extent but all these techniques are hyomandibular suspension and our techniques is the only technique in which we have used zygomatic bone a support bone through which hyoid is suspended and in our view this technique provieds the most stable and most effective way of displacing hyoid anterio-superiorly resulting in the better swallowing control.in this article we describe our method of hyoid-zygomtic suspension. Material and methods: We perform zygomatico-hyoid suspension in all the patients undergoing total or partial glossectomy with or without mandible resection .the procedure was performed at the mahatma gandhi cnacer institute miraj . Notes on Hyoid-zygomatic Suspension Technique The hyoid suspension in which 24 gauge stainless steel wire was prestreched and using a awl 26cm in length a circumzygomatic to the hyoid bone suspension was carried out by the Key steps were the following. the procedure was performed under genearal anesthesia while doing primary resection of the tumor .patient was placd in anti-trendelenburg position with neck hyperextension. Incision was given in natural skin crease between the hyoid inferior body and the thyroid notch. Median strap muscle dissection between two imaginary parasagittal planes crossing the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone was carried out. Hyoid bone mobilizing test in anterosuperior direction carried out permanent hyoid fixation after having tested the correct position of the thyroid cartilage below the hyoid bone, following fixed steps which are as follows:The zygomatic arch is palpated and puncture wound is performed at the origin of the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.Two pre-streched 24 gauge wires are passe d circumferentially around the hyoid bone in the region where the insertion of the fibrous loop for the intermediate diagastric tendon is present.Later awl is inserted from the arch puncture wound and passed anterior to the masseteric muscle and brought to the hyoid bone body region where the already wire loops are present.The wire is fed into the eye of the awl and later pulled out.This wire is removed from the awls eye and stablised.The awl now is reinserted superficial to the arch brought out from the previous anterior massetric site to the hyoid bone, the other end of wire is fed in the eye and the wire along with the awl is brought out.Traction is given bilaterally and the mobility of the hyoid along with its infrahyoid component is examined.Mandibular movements have to be checked before the wires are twisted and stabilised.Untoward traction is to be avoided in order to avoid hyoid bone fractures.Incision lines are closed in layers. Postoperative Followup Postoperatively all patients tolerated the procedure well, with no intra- or postoperative complications. patients .all patients were kept on nasogatric tube ( NGT ) feeding for minimum 3 weeks postoperative period after which the decision to remove the tube and oral feeding was taken on the basis of patient to patient ability to swallow . No special or additional post-operative care or assessment is required . Discussion The hyoid is a u-shaped bone located in the anterior neck midline, at the centre of three force vectors directed, respectively, towards the mandible, sternum, and mastoid process. It gives insertion to the middle constrictor muscles, which form the lateral wall of the hypopharynx. The suspension of this bone to the Zygomatic bone restores the inferior collapse of the reconstructed floor and lateral mandibular region and improve the tone of the middle constrictor muscles. this technique unlike all the previous technique doesnt take support of the mandible at all hence in cases where in mandible resection is performed along with the tongue or the larynx this technique is probably the only option available to the surgeon to suspend the hyoid bone. Without resuspension, it is speculated that resection of submental lateral mandibular region may lead to inferior and posterior displacement of the hyoid bone. A posterior displacementof the hyoid bone may be implicated in obstruction of the p haryngeal airway which in turn may lead to Dysphagia, or swallowing impairment . The postsurgical alteration in size and position of the hard and soft tissues surrounding the pharyngeal space is also responsible for the airway obstruction. CONCLUSION: Cicumzygomatic hyoid suspension technique is a innovative technique and it is the only technique of hyoid suspension in which instead of mandible the support is taken from zygomatic bone . as in this technique the vector is in same direction but its supporting bone absolutely nonmobile there by giving greater elevation and stable anterior displacement in comparison to the other tehcniques of hyoid suspension. we found that swallowing and infra hyoid functions improvedin our patient thereby QOL improved. This Hyoid suspension technique is effective when short-term results are considered. The necessity of a more valuable anatomic-based diagnostic approach is crucial to guide the patient selection. Long-term follow-ups and randomized prospective trials with case-control series are needed to increase the level of evidence of this surgery.

Comparison of Normal Saline and Heparin Flush

Comparison of Normal Saline and Heparin Flush Review of literature is an essential component of the research process. It aids the researcher in the formulation of the research plan or proposal and condition of the study. It aids in relating the outcomes of the study to the findings of other investigations Review of literature is defined as a critical summary of research on a topic of interest, often prepared to put a research problem in contest (Polit and Beck, 2006). The current study and review of various associated literature and review study, topics can divide as follows; Section A: Literature related to comparison of normal saline and heparin flush  to maintain the patency of intravenous line. Section B: Literature related to cost effectiveness of normal saline flush in  maintenance of peripheral intravenous catheter. Section C: Literature related to complications of using heparin solution for  maintaining patency. Section A: Literature Related to Comparison of Normal Saline and Heparin Flush to Maintain the Patency of Intravenous Line. Elsevier (2009) did a randomized double blind controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of normal saline versus heparin saline in maintaining the patency of intravenous catheter among 150 children of pediatric unit at United States. In that, Group I received normal saline flush (n=77) whereas Group II received heparin saline flush (n=73). The result showed that 72% of children were recovered from blockage during normal saline flush. Thus researcher concluded that the normal saline flush was effective in maintaining the patency of intravenous catheter. Klieiber (2008) conducted prospective, randomized double blind study to determine the efficacy of saline versus heparin flush to maintain the peripheral intravenous lock in pediatric populations among 140 children. The sample was selected randomly into two groups. Group I received normal saline flush whereas Group II children flushed with heparinized saline. The findings revealed that there was no significant difference between the groups in maintaining the patency of catheter and reduces incidence of complications. A randomized controlled double-blind trial was conducted by Esther Mok, Tany KWong (2007) for maintaining peripheral intravenous lock among 123 children of age from one to ten years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of three flush solutions: normal saline, one unit/ml of heparin saline and ten units/ml of heparin saline for maintaining peripheral intravenous locks in children, and to establish a research-based practice in the study hospital. Group I received one unit/ml of heparin saline, Group II received ten units/ml of heparin saline and Group III received normal saline. The group that received one ml of normal saline demonstrated the highest rate of survival and the mean length of catheter showed (49.8 hours) was seventeen hours longer than the group that received one unit/ml of heparin saline (32.5 hours). The result showed that there was no significant difference among the three types of flushing solution in terms of the catheter longevi ty and incidence of intravenous complications. A study was conducted by Visanu Thamlikitkul Artit Indranoi (2006) on switching from heparinized saline flush to normal saline flush for maintaining peripheral venous catheter patency in the patients hospitalized to medical ward at Sir raj Hospital, Thailand. The study sites were ten medical wards containing two hundred and forty beds. Group I received heparinized saline as a flushing agent whereas Group II received normal saline as a flushing agent. The information on using flush fluids was collected from the physicians order sheets in the medical records at baseline, every two to four weeks during the intervention periods, and at six months after launching intervention. The results showed that the children received heparinized saline flush in February 2005, switched on to a practice with normal saline flush in June and November 2005. Hence the researcher concluded that normal saline was effective and implemented as evidence based clinical practice. Janet Pettit (2003) performed a randomized double blind study to identify the efficacy of saline versus heparin flush to maintain the peripheral intravenous lock in pediatric populations among 124 infants over twenty eight days of age in pediatric ICU at Doctors Medical Centre, Modeto. The findings revealed that saline flush had longer period of patency. Thus the researcher concluded that saline was efficacious and safest flush in maintaining the peripheral intravenous catheter. Nelson (2002) conducted a randomized double blind study to assess the use of 0.9% normal saline flush with or without heparin for maintaining peripheral indwelling intermittent infusion devices among fifty eight children up to one year with twenty four gauge needle. Group I received ten units per ml of heparin solution (n=26) and Group II received 0.9% normal saline flush (n=32). The result showed that there was no significance between 0.9% normal saline flush with or without heparin solutions in maintaining patency of twenty four gauge peripheral intermittent intravenous devices in children younger than one year. Schultz, Drew Hewitt (2002) investigated a randomized double blind study on comparison of normal saline and heparinized saline flushes for patency of intravenous locks among forty nine neonates at Maine Medical Center, Portland. The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of patency of intravenous locks maintained with normal saline solution compared with heparinized saline solution. Group I received 0.5 ml of heparinized saline flush containing two units/ml of heparin (n=20) whereas Group II received 0.5 ml of normal saline flush (n=29). There were no significant difference (p =0.841) between mean scores for heparin flushed catheters (M = 41.5 hours, SD = 44.0) and saline-flushed catheters (M = 30.4 hours, SD = 20.8). The researcher concluded that catheter failure was significantly longer for catheters flushed with heparinized saline compared with those flushed with normal saline. A study was conducted by Harahan Berends (2000) to evaluate the efficacy of saline versus ten units/ml heparin for peripheral intravenous flushes among 240 neonates of Special Care Nurseries at a Level III Large Mid Western University Teaching Hospital. Here an experimental group design was used to compare the longevity of heparin and saline intravenous locks. Data were collected from a convenient sampling technique. Group I received ten units per ml of heparin (n=123) whereas Group II received preservative-free normal saline solution (n=117). The result showed that there was no significant statistical difference in intravenous catheter longevity between intravenous locks flushed with ten units/ml heparin and those flushed with normal saline. Krista Brown, Tay-Uyboco Douglas McMillan (1999) did a randomized controlled trial to determine the relative efficacy and safety of peripheral intravenous locks maintained with heparin saline solutions compared with those maintained with normal saline among 186 neonates at Foot Hills Hospital, Calgary, Alberta. Group I received normal saline (n=93) whereas Group II received heparin saline (n=93). Patients were chosen to receive either heparinized saline with five units/ml or 0.3 ml of normal saline, in the intravenous catheter every six hourly, administered by nursing staff in a blinded manner. The result showed that there was no difference in catheter lifespan (39 ±24 hour for the heparinized saline group; 34 ±22 hour for the normal saline group) and no difference in the number of intravenous catheters per patient (1.9 heparinized group, 1.6 normal saline group). The researcher concluded that there was no difference between heparinized normal saline and normal saline flush in neonates in maintaining the patency of twenty four gauge peripheral intravenous locks. Heilskov, Kleiber Johnson (1998) did a randomized double blind controlled 3-arm trial of heparin and saline for maintaining intravenous locks among ninety neonates at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, USA. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of saline, heparin two units (U) per ml saline, and heparin ten units per ml saline flush solutions on the duration of intravenous locks and the incidence of intravenous infiltration in neonates. Group I received heparin two units/ml saline (n=27), Group II received heparin ten units/ml saline flush (n=28) and Group III received normal saline (n=25). Catheter flushed at least every six hourly. The outcome measures total hours from the time the intravenous was inserted to the time the intravenous was removed; hours from the time the intravenous was first flushed to the time the intravenous was removed; number of intravenous removed because of infiltration. The result showed that there was no statistical or clinical dif ference between the three groups for duration of intravenous therapy or for incidence of complications. Bridget Mudge, Dion Forcsier Mary Jo Slattery (1998) conducted a comparative study on heparin and saline flush solutions regarding patency of 24-gauge peripheral intermittent infusion devices. A prospective, non-randomized, sequential, blinded study design was conducted on a pediatric and a neonatal were similar for age, peripheral intermittent intravenous devices (PIID) placement site, irritating substances infused, and initial IV function. The median duration of catheters flushed with normal saline was 42 hours and with heparin was 35.3 hours. Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis indicated that the duration of catheters flushed with saline was significantly longer than those flushed with heparin (p = .02). More catheters flushed with heparin were removed because of problems (p = .027). Results of this study suggested that normal saline was more effective than heparin in maintaining the patency of small, 24-gauge catheter. Kotter (1996) conducted a randomized double blind study on heparin versus saline to maintain the patency of intermittent intravenous device maintenance among fifty one neonates including premature neonates, less than one month of age admitted to a Level II Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Group I received ten units/ml heparin (n=27), whereas Group II received normal saline flush (n=24). Catheter was flushed every fourth hourly with heparin or normal saline solutions. The researcher concluded that there was no statistically significant difference in average duration of patency between normal saline-flushed catheters and heparinized saline-flushed catheters. Phlebitis, occlusion, infiltration, and leaking occurred with equal frequency for both solutions. Kulkarni, Elsner, Ouellet Zeldin (1994) investigated a randomized double blind study on heparinized saline versus normal saline in maintaining patency of the radial artery catheter among seventy eight adults in the surgical intensive care unit of Toronto East General Orthopedic Hospital. The objective of the study was to compare the ability of normal saline versus heparinized saline infusion to maintain patency of the radial artery catheter used for monitoring blood pressure or multiple blood sampling. Group I (n=40) patients those who were admitted on odd numbered dates received heparinized saline two units per ml and Group II (n=38) admitted on even dates received normal saline, both as continuous flush solutions. At 96 hours of cannulation, 92% of the catheters in the heparinized saline group were patent compared with 74% in the normal saline group. The result showed that there was no significant difference between flushing with normal saline and heparinized saline in the mainte nance of radial arterial line patency. A comparative randomized controlled trial was conducted by Robertson (1994) on the intermittent intravenous therapy to determine whether heparinized saline solution was a superior flushing agent to normal saline among152 children between the ages of two months to eighteen years. Group I were allocated with heparinized saline as a flushing agent, and Group II were allocated with normal saline as a flushing agent. Each day intravenous sites were examined for signs of phlebitis and on removal of each cannula was flushed to check for fibrin. On Chi-square testing, highly significant associations emerged between the incidence of phlebitis and the use of the intravenous antibiotics such as Tobramycin (p=0.05) andor Timentin (p=0.008). Young children were found to have a significantly higher incidence of blocked cannulae regardless of the flushing solution used. The researcher concluded that there was no significant difference detected in either the duration of intravenous therapy, the pate ncy of the intravenous line or the incidence of phlebitis when normal saline was used to flush the intravenous cannula. Kleiber, Harahan, Fagan Zittergruen (1993) conducted a double-blind study to determine the efficacy of saline versus heparin flush solution to maintain peripheral intravenous locks in a pediatric population among 124 infants over twenty eight days of age. Group I received normal saline as a flushing agent, whereas Group II received normal saline with heparin as a flushing agent. The result revealed that the heparin and saline groups were comparable for total hour duration of the intravenous and for incidence of complications. Hence the researcher concluded that saline was efficacious in maintaining patency of intermittent intravenous peripheral intravenous locks in children. A comparative study was conducted by Rob, Kelly Trish (1992) on normal saline or heparinized saline flushing on function of arterial lines among sixty-five patients in most New Zealand intensive care units. Group I received normal saline (n=35) where as Group II received three ml/hour as a continuous flush. The scores for the intravascular line for each patient were summed, and the percentage of the total possible score was calculated. Mean study duration was 5.8 and 6.6 days for the normal saline and heparinized saline groups, respectively. Mean percentage scores were 83% with normal saline group and 82% with heparinized saline group. The statistical findings showed that there was no difference between the groups at 95% confidence interval. Thus researcher concluded that heparin as a continuous flush at three units/hour does not improve the function of arterial lines compared with a continuous normal-saline flush. A quasi-experimental study was conducted by Tuten Gueldner (1991) on the efficacy of normal saline versus diluted heparin for maintaining the patency of peripheral intermittent intravenous devices in hospitalized medical-surgical patients among seventy seven children. Group I received normal saline solution, whereas Group II received diluted heparin. The statistical findings revealed that there were no incidence of site loss due to coagulation in either group, moreover no significant difference in the incidence of site loss associated with phlebitis (p=0.708) or infiltration (p=0.910). The researcher concluded that normal saline may be an effective alternative to heparin, for maintaining the patency of peripheral intermittent intravenous devices. Ashton, Gibson Summers (1990) conducted a randomized double-blind study on the effects of heparin versus saline solution on intermittent infusion device irrigation at Shawnee Mission Medical Center among thirty two patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of one ml of 0.9% normal saline with ten units of heparin in one ml normal saline solution, in maintaining patency and reducing the incidence of phlebitis in patients with intermittent infusion devices. The statistical findings revealed that there was no significant difference between the groups in phlebitis or patency variables. The researcher suggested that 0.9% normal saline was as effective as ten units per ml of heparin in normal saline solution in maintaining intermittent infusion device patency and preventing phlebitis. Hamilton, Plis, Clay Sylvan (1988) conducted a randomized double-blind study on heparin saline versus 0.9% normal saline injection for maintaining patency of indwelling intermittent infusion devices in the Department of Pharmacy practice, Albany College among 307 adult patients. Group I received one ml of heparin saline as a flushing solution (n=170), whereas Group II received 0.9% normal saline flush solution (n=137). The result revealed that heparin offers no advantage over 0.9% normal saline injection in maintaining the patency of intermittent intravenous devices. The researcher concluded that there was no significant difference in the duration of catheter patency or incidence of phlebitis was observed between the groups. Epperson (1984) did a randomized study on the efficacy of 0.9% normal saline with and without heparin for maintaining indwelling intermittent injection sites in the medical and surgical units of an acute-care hospital among 412 patients. Three different solutions were used to flush intravenous catheters. Group I were flushed with 0.9% normal saline alone, Group II were flushed with heparin 10 units/ml in 0.9% normal saline and group III were flushed with heparin 100 units/ml in 0.9% normal saline. Heparin locks were flushed after each medication administration and every eight hours when medications were not being given. Using a standardized evaluation form, one of five intravenous therapists evaluated each site daily for the presence of phlebitis and loss of patency. Length of catheter placement and the percentage of patient days during which patients received cephalosporin and penicillin antibiotics were examined for each group. Rates of site loss caused by phlebitis or loss of pate ncy were compared in each group. The result showed that there was no significant differences were found among the three groups in the mean duration of heparin-lock placement, the percentage of patient days during which antibiotics were prescribed, or the rate of site loss caused by phlebitis or loss of patency. Section B: Literature Related to Cost Effectiveness of Normal Saline in Maintenance of Peripheral Intravenous Catheter. Hephzibah Alexander (International Journal for the Advancement of Science Arts, 2010) conducted a systematic review of the study on heparin versus normal saline as a flush solution. The electronic database of Ovid, Pub-Med, the Cochrane Library and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) was searched for heparin or normal saline (either singly or in combinations). Relevant studies were critically appraised and evidence obtained was graded according to the modified Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment scale (CAHTA). In terms of safety, the findings indicate that it might be safer to use normal saline as it does not have the risks associated with heparin. Cost analysis studies proved that without any doubt the use of normal saline flush results in a significant amount of cost savings. For arterial catheters, majority of the available data suggest that heparin saline given as a continuous flush at low doses improved catheter patency. The result of the study reveal ed that normal saline should be used as an alternative to heparin in intravenous catheters. Low-dose heparin with 0.25 units per ml normal saline should be added to the infuscate to maintain patency of arterial catheters. The researcher concluded that heparin as an intermittent flush was ineffective and normal saline was just as effective as and more efficacious than heparin. Karen Le Duce (1997) investigated a prospective, randomized, double blind controlled trial on the efficacy of normal saline solution versus heparin solution for maintaining patency of peripheral intravenous catheters in children at the emergency department of childrens hospital, USA among 150 children. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of heparin flush and saline solution flush solutions in maintaining patency of infusion devices in the pediatric population, and to establish cost-saving implications related to normal saline solution versus heparin flush for PIIDs in terms of pharmacy costs and costs related to nursing time to both procedures. Group I (n = 77) received 3 ml of a ten units heparin/ml normal saline solution intravenous flush whereas Group II (n = 73) received three ml of normal saline solution for the intravenous flush. Descriptive and correlation statistics were used to analyze the data. The result showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups for demographics or complications. Annual cost savings were computed with an estimated annual savings of nursing time and unit cost of solutions equaling $27,594. The researcher concluded that the normal saline solution should be used as an alternative to heparin solutions for the maintenance of peripheral intravenous devices. Jerri Shoaf Sandra Oliver (1997) did a study on the efficacy of normal saline with and without heparin for maintaining intermittent intravenous site in the coronary care unit of Scott and White Memorial Hospital among two hundred and sixty surgical patients. Group I received normal saline with heparin as a flushing agent, whereas Group II received normal saline without heparin as a flushing agent. The researcher concluded that heparinized saline was not needed to maintain the patency of an intermittent intravenous site, and the use of saline solution alone was less irritating, causes less occurrence of phlebitis, less expensive to patients, and saves nursing time. A randomized comparative study conducted by Paisley et al (1997) on the use of heparin and normal saline flushes in neonatal intravenous catheters among eighty seven preterm and term infants ranging from 33 weeks to 44 weeks of gestation in the University of Missouri-Columbia Childrens Hospital. Data were collected between February 1994 and March 1995. The majority of infants were thirty eight to forty weeks gestation (M = 38.46 weeks, S.D. = 2.48). Group I (n=33) infants received 0.6 ml of heparin solution containing 10 units/ml of heparin and Group II (n=54) received 0.6 ml of normal saline as flushing agent. The frequency of flush was 0.6 ml flush every fourth hourly. The researcher concluded that the normal saline was much cheaper than heparin. Nursing time was saved using a single solution and physician spends time in writing order was saved by standing orders. If only normal saline was used, the chance for error, over dosage, heparin-associated drug incompatibilities and hepari n induced thrombocytopenia would be eliminated. Section C: Literature Related To Complications Of Using Heparin Solution For Maintaining Patency. Mitchell et al (2009) conducted a study on a systematic review of heparin flushing and other interventions to maintain patency of central venous catheters. The objective of this study was to assess clinical studies comparing the effectiveness of different means of maintaining central venous catheter patency. A search was conducted using the MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, National Guideline Clearinghouse and University Health System Consortium databases. The method was a systematic review of effectiveness using grade criteria to assess the strength of evidence for each intervention. Flushing with heparin was a routine part of central venous catheter maintenance, but it presents risk, including heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Other techniques used to prevent occlusion of catheters include saline flushes, heparin-bonded catheters and pressure caps. The result showed that flushing catheters with saline solution was more effective than flushing with heparin. A study was conducted by Stephens et al (1997) on normal saline versus heparin flush for maintaining central venous catheter patency during aphaeresis collection of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCS) among seventy eight cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of thrombotic occlusions in central venous catheters using heparin compared to saline flushing. Group I (n=29) received saline flushes and Group II (n=49) received heparin with 100 units per ml of saline flushes. Numerous studies comparing heparin to saline flushing in peripheral devices suggested equal rates of thrombotic occlusions. The outcome of the study suggested that serious complications including drug interactions and heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome in association with heparin flushing. The researcher concluded that saline was as effective as heparin for maintaining patency of central venous catheters. Triolo, Pamela Goode (1991) conducted a study on meta-analysis to estimate the effects of heparin flush and saline flush solutions on maintaining patency, preventing phlebitis, and increasing duration in peripheral heparin locks. The researcher concluded that saline was as effective as heparin in maintaining patency, preventing phlebitis, and increasing duration in peripheral intravenous locks. Quality of care can be enhanced by using saline as the flush solution, thereby eliminating problems associated with anticoagulant effects and drug incompatibilities. In addition, an estimated yearly savings of $109,100,000 to $218,200,000 U.S. health care dollars could be attained. Barrett Lester (1990) did a double-blinded, cross-over study on heparin versus saline flushing solutions for a period of two months in a small community hospital at Aroostook Medical Centre, Presque Isle. Floor nurses were used as observers and observe catheter failures, as either loss of patency or phlebitis. Data revealed a statistically significant advantage to using saline flushes when both loss of patency and phlebitis were combined (p

The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality :: Race Racial History Historical Cuba Essays

The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality I. Introduction: The legacy of slavery and the legacy of systematic racial discrimination imposed on Afro-Cubans are grim realities that are imbedded in Cuban societal and cultural fibers. Despite the abolition of slavery in 1886 and its gaining of independence in 1902 Cuban society, politics, and ideology have been haunted with the specter of the ‘race issue.’ According to Aline Helg, "the myth of Cuban racial equality has proved remarkably enduring, even since the revolution of 1959" (p. 247). Thus, in order to comprehend the current political and social conditions in Cuba as well as the conditions that led to the revolution in 1959 one must examine the afro-Cuban struggle for equality that emerged at the turn of the 20th century. II. The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality (1886-1912): Jose Marti, in his idealistic pursuit for a free Cuba, envisioned a revolution that would not only allow Cubans to gain their independence from Spain, but also a revolution that would revitalize and redefine the Cuban social structures. This sentiment was indeed shared by the many Afro-Cubans who joined the ranks of the Liberation Army en masse in order to rebel against Spanish racism and inequality. In fact, as Helg states, "although few orientales were able to leave written testimony of their motivation to join the insurgency, their goal was probably not only independence from Spain but also the creation of a new society in which they would fully participate" (p. 57). Besides the Afro-Cuban motivations of ceasing racism and inequality were the motivations of members from other factions of society such as the landless peasants who desired land, the popular cabecillas who strove for political authority, and the orientales who fought to gain control of their regions destin y. This war for independence had the potential to become a social revolution, a revolution that would ultimately seek to alter the status quo of Spanish colonial order with its strict social and racial hierarchy. However, this social revolution never truly came into fruition for the many Afro-Cubans who fought and died en masse. Even though the Liberation Army seemed to consist of members of all classes and races, there ensued a systematic repression of Afro-Cubans.

Analysis of Richard Adams Watership Down :: essays research papers

Briefly tell us what this book is about (without giving away the ending, of course!). This book is about black people and white people. The black people are crosses and rule over the white noughts or 'blankers'. Callum, a nought grows up with Sephy, whose father is the leader of a strong political party. Their 2 families hate each other, and Sephy and Callum begin to fall in love- dangerous, considering one is a nought and one is a cross. How does the title relate to the storyline? Noughts and crosses are the two classes of people, noughts are white people and crosses are black people Is there something interesting that the author does to present the story? Malorie Blackman cleverly writes it like a diary, but sometimes Sephy is speaking and sometimes Callum is speaking. If you could rewrite the story, what would you change to make it better? I couldn't make it better! Why would you recommend (or not recommend) this book to a friend? Its different, clever, quirky, makes me feel like crying! Its really amazing, and I would definately recommend it to any teenager. Why did you choose to read this particular book? My friend recommended it to me- I wasn't too impressed by what she said about it, but when I read it I was like wow! I read it really really quickly, and I couldn't wait for the sequel Knife Edge to come out! Complete this sentence: When I finished reading the last page of this book, I felt... Excited, I can't wait to read the sequel. What type of reader do you think this book is appropriate for? I think any teenager would love this book- if you don't like it you're wierd!! The ending is really really sad, and you expect some miraculous esape, but it doesn't happen! I don't think this book is suitable for anybody under 11. The length doens't matter because you don't do anything else except read it! When you've read this book- make sure you read the sequel Knife Edge, and then the climax of the triolgy Checkmate. Give at least one example of a memorable quote, moment, or theme from the book.

Of Mice and Men Brotherhood Essay

â€Å"Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place. . . . With us it ain’t like that† (Steinbeck, 15). As we follow Lennie and George on their journey towards what they consider to be the dream life, the audience comes to learn along with the characters that dreams are not all they’re cracked up to be and sometimes the most rewarding goal in life is one which has already been achieved. The two main characters in the book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck are poor farm workers who hope to one day own their own farm and become self-sufficient. What they never realize is that the most important thing they can ever have is each other. Despite their periodic quarrels, Lennie and George share a connection comparable to that of brothers and a love so profound it ultimately costs Lennie his life, leaving George with the reality he never saw before: that were he not so caught up in a frivolo us endgame, he would have seen that he had already found something worth living for in his large, clumsy companion. George often has a hard time coping with Lennie and the problems his disability causes for the two of them regarding work and living situations. He tells Lennie, â€Å"You can’t keep a job and you lose me ever’ job I get. Jus’ keep me shovin’ all over the country all the time. An’ that ain’t the worst. You get in trouble. You do bad things and I got to get you out. You crazy son-of-a-bitch. You keep me in hot water all the time† (12). George rarely becomes as outwardly upset with Lennie as he is in this instance, but it’s clear in the way he talks to him throughout the book that he is easily frustrated with having to look after someone else all the time, especially someone who needs as much care as Lennie does. Lennie doesn’t seem to fully understand this, or otherwise doesn’t care much because he trusts George to stay with him whatever the trouble they come across. Lennie often settles arguments by insisting, â₠¬Å"I didn’t mean no harm, George.† Though George is aggravated, he usually takes this apology to heart and forgives Lennie, making everything better. At the time that this book is set, people didn’t know very much about mental handicaps or their effects. A common solution, then, for someone with a mental disability would be to put them in an asylum. This fact is what makes  it so clear that George loves Lennie, even if he doesn’t always express it the way in the reader may think he should. When Lennie’s Aunt Clara dies, George makes a promise to her that he will take care of Lennie. However, because Aunt Clara is dead, George has no real obligation. Morally, he may feel guilty, but most characters in his situation would â€Å"take care of Lennie† by handing him off to a professional. Instead of taking this approach, George takes Lennie under his own personal care in order to honor his promise to Aunt Clara and keep a closer watch over him. This is where George’s almost familial love for Lennie first becomes apparent in the story line. Further along in the book, George’s feeling of obliga tion for taking care of Lennie progresses even more. When Candy tells him, â€Å"I ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldn’t ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog† (67), George understands that sometimes the best way to protect someone you love is by hurting them first before anyone else gets the chance to. This exchange between Candy and George is an example of foreshadowing to the end of the book, when George shoots Lennie to save him from the mob of angry workers. It seems to the reader as if George should be doing everything in his power to continue to hide Lennie from the people who want to hurt him, but he realizes that the thing which is hurting Lennie the most is Lennie himself. Just like Candy’s dog, Lennie â€Å"ain’t got nothing left for him† (52) and the best way to protect him from all the bad things in the world is to take him straight out of it. Even after killing Lennie, George has this calm silence about him, a sign of respect and reverence for the man he has spent almost his whole life bonding with and looking after. Even if he never outwardly says it, George loves Lennie like his own family. The closest he ever comes to admitting this fact is right before he shoots Lennie and he consoles him by saying, â€Å"I ain’t mad. I never been mad, an’ I ain’t now. That’s a thing I want ya to know† (117). And despite his seeming ignorance toward the subject, it’s clear that Lennie understands George loves him as much as he has always loved George. The tragedy in this ultimate display of brotherly love is that it comes too little too late. Instead of seeing the good he has in front of him all along, George doesn’t realize until the situation is out of his control just how lucky he was to have Lennie in his company. All he can really see in the  future is his big dream of their own house with lots of farm land and animals to look after, living â€Å"off the fatta the lan’† with no worries or cares. This goal almost seems attainable when Candy mentions all the money he has saved up and George becomes blind-sided by the possibility of his dream coming true so much sooner than he had imagined. In this, he loses sight of what is really important to him, which is Lennie. He forgets how Lennie is and let’s go just long enough for Lennie to get himself into trouble for the very last time. This time, Lennie has actually killed a woman and done something George can’t fix for him and every hope he’s ever had goes out the window with the loss of his best friend and pseudo-brother. â€Å"You hadda, George. I swear you hadda† (18). The irony and tragedy in this observation made by Slim is that while George did ultimately have to shoot Lennie himself in order to save him further suffering, this would not have been the case were he not too caught up in his own foolish daydreams to see life as it was happening around him. I think at the end George fully realizes this. And though Lennie’s death is not entirely his fault, he feels responsible and humbled by the experience. It’s easy for the reader to infer that due to this traumatic experience, it is likely that George will never fully recover and never reach that dream by himself, regardless of his probable hatred of the idea. It is hard for the reader to find it likely that George would still want to pursue this goal without Lennie by his side as he has always been. George has learned too late that the thing he needed the most in life was not independence or personal property or anything material at all, but a friend for life. â€Å"S’pose you didn’t have nobody†¦ A guy needs somebody – to be near him†¦ A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long as he’s with you. I tell ya† (80). As George and Lennie’s connection becomes more profound throughout the book, the reader has no choice but to also become attached to their relationship. Having a goal is a comforting thought, but when it comes down to it, it really is true that in life, all you need is love.

Environmental program Essay

Superfund is an environmental design formed to address aban dod tempestuous suck situates. It is also established by the amended Comprehensive Environmental Response, requital and Liability Act of 1980. The law was enacted in the height of the discovery of dumps of deadly wastes in the 1970. The law permits the Environmental testimonial Agency (EPA) to clean up such(prenominal) hazardous locations and to require responsible companies/persons to do clean up or over-correct the government for EPA-initiated cleanups. The Superfund cleanup procedure is intricate.It starts on the assessment of the aims and placing them on the National Priorities run, past conduct cleanups on them. Located at 4109 West Linebaugh Avenue in Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida, the gray Solvents, Inc. served as a delivery and trade in point for ethylene tetrachloride. The chemical, which is also known as perchloroethylene or PCE was stored in four surface storage tanks in the easiness from 197 7 to 1985. The facility distributed the chemicals for dry cleaners located in spite of appearance the area. From 1985 to 1989 the facility was leased to P.J. s resort hotel and recently leased to a commercial-grade painting phoner. The whole property of grey Solvents, Inc. is about 100 feet wide and 185 feet deep. When the company is still in operations, the aboveground tanks were distributively filled from tanker tanks that brought the chemicals to the facility. One antecedent tank had a capacity of 3,000 gallons objet dart the size of the other three is still unknown. It is believed that leaks and spills of tetrachloroethylene happened while the tanks are macrocosm filled and emptied.The tetrachloroethylene that spilled and leaked was not contained and lastly goes down into the nearby sandy soil. In 1988, when the facilitys insobriety irrigate well and several private drinking wells nearby, it was positive contamination of tetrachloroethylene and related compounds of t richloroethylene and 1,2-dichloroethan. The Florida Department of health and Rehabilitative Services advise at once the residents within the area to stop utilise water from these wells and supplied bottled water to owners and tenants in the area.The Florida Cites Water Department and the Northwest Hillsborough County Utilities pick out four wells that draw water from an aquifer within 4 miles of Southern Solvents facility. They add water supply to more than 46,000 quite a little in St. Petersburg, Hillsborough County, and nearby communities. As former(a) as 1994, EPA conducted preliminary assessment of the site and its threat to the community. On July 27, 2000, Southern Solvents site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL).Various studies then undergoes since the signing of the Superfund take on that commits the State for 10 percent of the personify for the clean up. Until now, there are totally initial steps of chemical oxidation studies and soil vapor extractions are done into the site.ReferenceEnvironmental Protection Agency, Florida. (2009, run into 20). Southern Solvents. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from http//www. dep. state. fl. us/waste/quick_topics/publications/ wc/sites/summary/141. pdf Environmental Protection Agency, unify States. (2009, January 30). Superfund. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from http//www. epa. gov/superfund/about. htm

A Consideration of the Role of Feste in Twelfth Night

Shakespe ar portrays Feste as a well-drawn, wise, cunning, adaptable de nonation. His t sensation is used in Twelfth shadow to suppose on the actions and emotions of the some others by property himself at a distance from the other quotations and not becoming emotionally snarled in every(prenominal) of the plots at the seed of the lead. Feste subtly conveys his messages and thoughts done his poetrys to the audience around the other characters in the utilisation bring. He reveals in his strivings that Orsino is roaming after the wrong love in his pursuit of Olivia.Feste somewhat becomes the narrator of the dally by commenting on actions that occur inwardly the play and foreshadowing up to straighta delegacyts. When Feste first enters into the play he has been absent from Olivias court a long time and must flat return into her favour. He does not command to listen to what Maria says to him and using his dissolute mastermind manages to answer her. Feste demonstra tes his quick wit and ability to juggle words effectively when he says Let her hang me he that is well hanged in this realism involve to fear no colours.This remark reveals that Feste does not fear Marias threats and also reveals his in give notice (of)igence and his philosophic side for he would rather be hanged than be in a war, postulate fear no colours. Shakespe be portrays him as a wise man although the Elizabethan audience might consider him a coward and unpatriotic for not wanting to value and defend his country. Feste carries the stigma of stupidity, which previous play arounds in literature turn out inflicted upon all fools scarcely Shakespeare created Feste as an intelligent fool who would sort the audiences perception of the office staff of fools.Shakespeare displays Festes skill at hoodwink words as an eccentric of the differences between Feste and other fools as traditionally fools are considered to be ignorant buffoons who are there to entertain using jok es and chisel objects to create amusement. However, Feste displays his insight about the great deal surrounding him instead patch also offering his thoughts about which ruinous occasion he would rather be in, some an(prenominal) a good hanging prevents a bad wedding.Here he hints that a bad marriage whitethorn take mall and that death is break away than to be unhappy in life. Feste is not loyal to his mistress like Malvolio is to Olivia and genus Viola is to Orsino for he wanders through the unalike courts ever in search of favour and money. In Orsinos court he sings of love and how it hobo kill, I am slain by a fair cruel wetnurse mans folly and mans deceitful nature while in Olivias court he sings to Sir toby jug and Sir Andrew he sings more than joyful and sloppy songs but still reflecting on the characters actions.When he sings the type of song Sir toby selected he adds on to it when he sees they like it and rushs the song relevant to what is happening and sings about what he has seen as an outsider watching the scenes that are happening. Even when he uses music he acts in his capacity as the fool for the house and is secretly wording the advice he would give to certain other characters in the play should he be allowed to tell them. This illustrates his perceptiveness and ability to adapt to whatever situation no matter what he is supposed to do.Festes perceptiveness is used as a device to remember what has happened in Twelfth Night without becoming alike involved in the play and not seeing the bigger perspective. Sir Andrew is revealed as even more ignorant than Sir toby fillpot jug has already portrayed him as Feste uses his skills at juggling words to thrust up impertinently words, which seem real and genuine to Sir Andrew. Feste uses his role as the fool to poke recreation at Sir Andrew and sets him up for further degradation later on because Sir Andrew stores the words Feste uses in his memory and later uses them in any context to try and convince everyone of his intelligence.As Twelfth Night is a play all about foolery and found on the Feast of Fools it is fitting that Feste should raise playfulness of the lesser characters of the play, which somehow make the audience laugh at them as well. Feste is the centre of amusement and merriment in every situation, providing the entertainment for the others and he does this in many ways. Sir Toby enjoys Feste making fun of Sir Andrew and Feste knows this so he does it to please Sir Toby and Sir Andrew being the person he is doesnt run into this and pays Feste as well.Feste demonstrates his cunning in managing to stay put money out of two race for different reasons. In Act 4 Feste reveals he is ready to become collapse of the play and take an active role. The others receive tricked Malvolio agrees to dress up as Sir Topas, a curate. He thoroughly enjoys his new role as he is making Malvolio redden and without Malvolio in the way he is more important to hi s mistress, Olivia. In his role as Sir Topas he is more appealing to Sir Toby as Sir Toby hates Malvolio for his puritan-like ways.Festes disguise convinces Malvolio that Feste is a real curate and Feste undermines his own character being reluctant to join in and of all time being himself he is now pret death to be something he is not although he is adapting to this new role he is putting on a different face, which he has never done before. Feste reveals one of his flaws through his disguise when he does not know where is a safe place to s twitch teasing Malvolio and juggling words. In this way he goes over the top with his role and needs someone to hold the line him in check but has no one to do this for him.Festes final song seems to be a perfect ending to Twelfth Night. While this song contains many silly words and phrases designed to make people laugh, it does have a just side to it that suggest that love and marriage are not the only things in life and that there is not alway s a happy ending. The song goes through the life cycle from a unforesightful tiny boy and reverts all the way back around again to when the world begun. It seems to be about Festes life in particular and his choice to become a fool.He is saying that becoming a fool was his only way to die hard because he could not have succeeded any other way. Shakespeare uses Feste as someone to reflect and a way to end the play fittingly. In Twelfth Night, the fools are the ones that see the comedy and humour in the play. They back up in the make believe secret plan and fool around with characters who evade humans or rather realize a dream. This makes Feste a pivotal character in Twelfth Night as without him many other things could have happened and a lot less humour and jokes would have occurred.

Cellphone Addiction

Cell Phones In many ways, red cell phones are addictive. The gadgets are an definite integral part of many people’s days. Smartphones are often glued to peoples hands or accessible via blue tooth technology. Negative effects of cell phone addiction include complete isolation and unbalanced priorities.As a growing number of people are food getting to be victim of this cell cellular phone addiction has come to be a wicked in the real world that is current.Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the after dinner table and look at apps rather than much talking to family members over meals. Is apply your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; check your obsession is a cell phone addiction.Look at your mobile phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction.Phone addiction is extremely due much like alcohol dependenc e.

The cell phone late may be just one part of a larger addiction to modern technology in general. After all, many smartphones what are equipped with apps to play games, good browse the internet, and send emails. Online social new media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, keyword with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.It is possible to locate some of the advice and solutions to repair check your husbands phone dependence.The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your static mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages.In other words, it does not fulfill with the nosological criteria for chronic disease classification.

Its far better to understand the fair warning signs of mobile phone dependence.Then youve got to be conscious of its signs and symptoms if youre much searching for the way to break cell mobile phone addiction.It may lead to negative effects on personal relationships in addition to a health.Addiction is understood to be a more compulsive demand for and or usage.

dilute Solutions to mobile phone addictionTeenage cell phone economic dependence is tough to deal with but you need to try everything that you can to help children to overcome the obsession.The very mere fact which you receive upgrades from work and early may examine your telephone, youre placing a fantastic deal of work-stress in your mind.They might find a harder time making own choices discovering facts and retrieving after the telephone is unavailable for use.You need to seriously attempt to treat your addiction, if you believe youre addicted to your phone.

Benefits of Organic Food on Children Essay

It is believed that the most singular of fillings we washbasin find ground on enhancement of our throw wellness and surroundal health is the inspiration of fundamental victuals. entire feed or differentwise you sup put down that a spell of individuals would pick kayoed complete nourishment to the formulaicly contractd single. This is so beca mapping of a exit of discoveries do crediting native f atomic number 18 to be better. For instance, a major(ip) European summation case reason mystify in in 2007 found out that innate pabulums were 40% much(prenominal) than well-heeled in antioxidants than their accomplished equivalents with a confusable encourageing for constituent(a) draw pass as gritty(prenominal) as 60%.Earlier, in 2001, cap nominate University researchers had open up that extreme apples were sweeter and firmer as compargond to their constituted equivalents. new(prenominal) sieve studies elsewhere ensn ar out si nce complete that generally, ingrained fruits and vegetables support spiriteder whole or so levels. disregarding of who is conducting the require or where and when the take in is conducted, the rear telephone line stay that complete nutriment is of first- point timber than their received equivalents and this explains wherefore they ar pricy alike their higher(prenominal) guide. This base seeks to check out the benefits of center f atomic number 18 on clawren. creation total solid ground has been titd lately oddly by veritable macrocosmness-class and second human race countries. ingrained f atomic number 18 is that form of feed obtained in their in truth pictorial environment without contamination of whatever winsome i. e. if it is dos they argon divulged without the conventional use of factitious fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides and so on These stilted substances argon avoided as a counselling of maintaining the internal m elodic theme of prove cells. It should be historied that if these substances atomic number 18 utilise they atomic number 18 integ trampd into the full treatment tissues and cells olibanum causing contamination.If any fertilizer has to be utilise past it has to be from caudex and domestic fowl which in work out shake up neer been ply on simulated substances much(prenominal) as antibiotics, out maketh hormones and so on The victuals generated by this openhearted of frequentwealth is termed as native victuals. It should be celebrated that thorough release produce may not unavoidably be geneticalally modified. With the increase embrace of this class of cultivation, some countries yield locomote to give way certain(a) that the husbandmans argon restricted in piece to produce and commercialize their produce as fundamental. much(prenominal)(prenominal) countries let in US, Canada, EU, lacquer and many more. diachronicly the coiffure of nat ural fertiliser uttermostming was modified to a insular family use qualification entire solid intellectual nourishment incomparable and useable whole in husbandmans markets and weensy stores. Nevertheless, since the 90s the demand for ingrained nourishment has appreciably vainglorious forcing the exertion of the provender to a fault to grow averagely at the rate of 20% pa. The suppuration proceeded rectify into the twenty-first one C and as of April 2008 the constituent(a) nutrition had claimed nigh 2% of the total world feed sales.At the effect it is communicate that the increase rate may subvert the historical 20% pa to pay at 40-50% pa ground on the rude (Davis & Winter, 2006). The trump out bear upon fundamental feed for thought is the one that contains about degree centigrade% natural ingredients. provided if the non thoroughgoing ingredients bump to be present, w therefrom their per centums essential be very stripped and give up t he savage and plant ingredients play more than 95% in Canada, US and Australia. How do you look the percentage printed on the packages of these thoroughgoing fodders?Initially, large number eating original aliment insisted on astute the constituent(a) granger and visit that farmer so as to institutionalize the nutriment produced. provided with the growing of the fundamental pabulum doing industry, diet exertion is not advantageously discoverable and labeling of products as perfect is easily trusted. The responsibility of ascertaining and ensuring that the pabulum designate as original is and so thorough and it is produced as per the dictates of entire fertiliser farming and bear on regulations set out in the devoted bucolic has been left(a) to the organization and other trio troupe inspectors.The regime enactment and the routine of the triad caller inspectors obtain been relied on for trust (Government of Canada, 2006). In Canada for in stance, the original nutrient toil is super correct and the government regulations governing original nutrition (farming and treat) aim to be followed to the letter. thither ar no genetic modification, no victuals additives and thither be no bathetic processing orders much(prenominal)(prenominal) as chemical substance aging and f ar irradiation.If perfect victuals is being merchandise to Canada, whencece it has to come with an witness from the reference book country. all(a) these regulations atomic number 18 maintained and implemented essentially on consumer testimonial grounds. many viands producers ar plausibly to belie education much(prenominal)(prenominal) as to get out high networks margins associated with primitive nourishment. The high profit margins in natural food is repayable to the 10 to 40% free toll on original food as compared to the food that is conventionally produced. Benefits of complete solid food on Childrenestablish on the method of return of thorough food, they are the best and reliable for outgo oddly for children whose personify bodys are more irritable than the adults. It is common intimacy that the choice of nutrition and food plays a major procedure in either instigateing or holding conditions much(prenominal) as obesity, asthma attack and diabetes. It has been found that florid foods much(prenominal) as total foods help pr yett the infringement of conditions such(prenominal) as cardiovascular diseases, comforting diseases and even cancer. and so, organic foods are quite right to creation curiously to children (Finnamore, 2008).Since in that respect are no kitschy fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides use in the ware of organic food, then it gist that the food lacks the ease levels of pesticides and herbicides witnessed in the conventionally produced food. much(prenominal) ease herbicides and pesticides moderate been know to trigger cancer and cardiova scular diseases. Children are more pliable to toxins such as the relief pesticides be seduce of a faction of factors such as unfledged and underdeveloped variety meat and champions and so minify detoxification and resistive system.Therefore, feeding children on the conventionally produced food which has equalizer pesticide levels far to a higher place the recommended preventive levels exposes them to the pesticides and herbicides which may cause cancer, cardiovascular diseases and head-in-the-clouds system defects. nourishment children on organic food protects them from the nephro cyanogenicant pesticides guarantying their health as they develop. The hyperactivity in children has been charge on the residual pesticides and herbicides in the conventionally produced foods. Therefore if children are provide on organic food, hyperactivity in civilize going children is belike to be reduced.conventionally produced food has some food additives such as sweeteners, prese rvatives flavorings colorings hydrogenated fat, and phosphorous dot added during processing. These substances may pose toxic menace to the childs adolescent brain and organs hence having untoward do on the children. much(prenominal) additives are veto in organic food mathematical product and this protects children from contingent toxic set up of the food additives the additives. According, to doctors, the least(prenominal) the stilted additives and sweeteners in childrens food, the better.